Pregnancy is an incredible journey, but it can also come with challenges. Every parent hopes for a smooth experience and a healthy baby, yet many pregnant women experience symptoms, health issues or medical conditions along the way that can feel worrying or overwhelming. The good news is that most common conditions in pregnancy can be monitored, managed, or treated with the right support and early detection.

Some symptoms will be completely normal changes as your body adapts to pregnancy. Others may indicate complications that need closer monitoring by your midwife, GP, or healthcare provider. Understanding what’s common, what’s more serious, and when to seek advice can help you feel more informed and empowered throughout every stage of pregnancy.

Here at Smart Cells, we’ve compiled a comprehensive guide to some of the most common pregnancy conditions and complications to help you better understand what you might be experiencing, when and how to seek advice, and how to navigate any diagnoses during pregnancy. Each of the conditions below has its own dedicated page within our Pregnancy Knowledge Guide, so this article acts as a hub or quick reference. You can click the headings for more in-depth information on each condition or complication.

[Post updated January 2026]

Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that usually develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, most commonly in the second trimester or third trimester. It is characterised by high blood pressure and signs that organs such as the liver or kidneys are under strain.

Common symptoms include severe headaches, blurred vision, swelling (especially in the hands and face), and pain below the ribs. Some women may feel generally unwell or notice sudden weight gain. If left untreated, preeclampsia can affect blood flow to the placenta, potentially impacting your unborn baby’s growth and leading to low birth weight or preterm birth.

Regular prenatal appointments, blood pressure checks, urine testing and blood tests help with early detection. This is why attending all scheduled prenatal visits is so important, even if you feel well.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy when the body is unable to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. This leads to high blood sugar (or high blood glucose), which can affect both mother and baby if not managed carefully.

It is usually diagnosed through routine screening in the second trimester. Risk factors include being over a healthy weight before pregnancy, having had gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies, or having a family history of diabetes.

With the right support from your healthcare provider, most women can manage gestational diabetes through diet, lifestyle changes, monitoring blood sugar levels, and sometimes medication. Good management reduces the risk of complications such as large birth weight, preterm delivery, or the need for a caesarean section.

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Morning sickness is extremely common in early pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. However, hyperemesis gravidarum is a much more severe form of nausea and vomiting that can significantly affect daily life.

It can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and difficulty keeping food or fluids down. Some pregnant women require hospital treatment, medication, or IV fluids to manage symptoms safely.

It can be difficult to tell the difference between typical morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum, especially early on. If your symptoms feel unmanageable or are interfering with eating, drinking, or functioning, it’s always best to speak to your midwife or healthcare provider.

Obstetric Cholestasis

Obstetric cholestasis (also known as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy) is a liver condition that affects the flow of bile during pregnancy. The most common symptom is intense itching, often on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, without an obvious rash.

It typically develops in the third trimester and requires monitoring with blood tests. If untreated, it can increase the risk of pregnancy complications, including preterm birth. With close medical management and regular monitoring, outcomes are usually very positive.

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a parasite found in cat faeces, contaminated soil or water, and undercooked meat. Many people who contract toxoplasmosis experience no symptoms, but during pregnancy it can pose risks to the unborn baby.

Simple precautions can significantly reduce risk, such as thoroughly cooking meat, washing fruits and vegetables, wearing gloves while gardening, and avoiding changing cat litter where possible. Early detection through blood tests can help guide further care if exposure is suspected.

Antenatal Depression

Mental health is just as important as physical health during pregnancy. Antenatal depression affects many pregnant women and can include persistent low mood, anxiety, loss of enjoyment, fatigue, and feelings of guilt or hopelessness.

Some women may already have existing mental health conditions such as anxiety disorder or depression, while others experience symptoms for the first time during pregnancy. Support may include talking therapies, additional midwifery support, and sometimes medication. Seeking help early can make a significant difference.

PPROM (Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes)

PPROM occurs when the amniotic sac ruptures before 37 weeks of pregnancy and before labour begins. This can lead to preterm labor and increases the risk of infection for both mother and baby.

If you experience a sudden gush or ongoing leak of fluid, it’s important to seek medical advice straight away. Management depends on how many weeks pregnant you are and whether there are signs of infection or labour.

Anaemia

Anaemia during pregnancy is often caused by iron deficiency. It can leave you feeling exhausted, weak, dizzy, or short of breath. It’s extremely common and usually picked up through routine blood tests during prenatal visits.

Iron supplements and iron-rich foods can help restore levels and support healthy pregnancies. Treating anaemia is important for your own wellbeing and for supporting your baby’s growth and development.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Pregnancy increases the risk of blood clots due to changes in circulation and hormones. A deep vein thrombosis usually develops in the leg and may cause pain, swelling, redness, or warmth.

If a clot travels to the lungs, it can cause a pulmonary embolism, which is a medical emergency. Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of DVT, including previous blood clots, certain chronic conditions, limited mobility, or underlying clotting disorders. Your healthcare provider may recommend preventative measures if you are at higher risk.

Hypertension

High blood pressure during pregnancy can occur on its own (gestational hypertension) or as part of preeclampsia. It may develop at any stage but is more common later in pregnancy.

Regular monitoring at prenatal appointments helps identify any changes early. Managing hypertension reduces the risk of pregnancy complications such as placental issues, restricted growth, or preterm delivery.

Postpartum Haemorrhage

Postpartum haemorrhage refers to heavy bleeding after birth. Healthcare professionals are trained to monitor blood loss carefully after delivery, particularly for women with known risk factors.

While it can be frightening, rapid recognition and treatment mean most women recover well. Understanding symptoms and feeling confident asking questions during your care can help you feel more prepared.

Premature Birth

Premature birth (also known as preterm birth or preterm delivery) occurs when a baby is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Babies born early may need additional support with breathing, feeding, or temperature regulation.

Advances in neonatal care mean outcomes for premature babies continue to improve. Risk factors include infections, high blood pressure, certain medical conditions, multiple pregnancies, and previous preterm births. Recognising early signs of preterm labour can help ensure timely care.

Additional Common Pregnancy Conditions and Complications

Here are a few more condition conditions and complications that women might experience during pregnancy that you won’t necessarily find in our Knowledge Guide yet, but are important to know about:

Ectopic Pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in a fallopian tube. Unfortunately, ectopic pregnancies cannot continue and require urgent medical care.

Symptoms can include abdominal pain, shoulder pain, dizziness, and vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. If you experience these symptoms, especially in the first trimester, seek urgent medical advice or attend the emergency room.

Placenta Previa

Placenta previa occurs when the placenta covers part or all of the cervix (the entrance to the birth canal). It can cause painless vaginal bleeding, usually in the second or third trimester.

Management depends on the severity, but in some cases a planned cesarean section may be recommended for safety.

Placental Abruption

Placental abruption happens when the placenta partially or fully separates from the uterine wall before birth. This can cause abdominal pain, contractions, and heavy bleeding. It is less common but potentially serious and requires immediate medical attention.

We have a whole blog post on complications that can affect the placenta during pregnancy here.

Low Amniotic Fluid (Oligohydramnios)

Low amniotic fluid (sometimes described as little fluid or low levels of fluid) means there is less protective fluid around the baby than expected. It can affect movement and development and may require closer monitoring, especially later in pregnancy.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

UTIs are common during pregnancy due to hormonal and physical changes. Symptoms include burning when passing urine, frequent urination, or discomfort in the lower abdomen. Left untreated, they can increase the risk of complications, so it’s important to seek treatment early.

Postpartum Depression

Mental health challenges can also develop after birth. Postpartum depression is more severe and longer-lasting than the “baby blues” and can affect bonding, sleep, and emotional wellbeing. Support and treatment can make a significant difference, and no one should feel they have to cope alone. We have more tips on postpartum recovery here.

Understanding Risk Factors and High-Risk Pregnancy

Some pregnancies are classed as higher risk due to existing medical conditions, previous pregnancy complications, or certain health factors. These might include:

• Chronic health conditions such as kidney disease, heart conditions, autoimmune diseases, or diabetes
• Previous pregnancy loss or complications
• High blood pressure or gestational hypertension
• Carrying multiples (twins or more)
• Certain infections or chromosomal abnormalities

Being labelled “high-risk” doesn’t mean something will definitely go wrong. It simply means you may need more frequent monitoring, additional scans, or specialist care to support a healthy pregnancy and healthy baby.

The Importance of Regular Prenatal Care

One of the best things you can do for your pregnancy is attend all scheduled prenatal appointments. These visits allow your healthcare provider to monitor:

• Your blood pressure
• Weight gain
• Baby’s growth
• Blood tests and urine tests
• Signs of developing complications

Early detection is often the key to managing many conditions safely. Even if you feel well, regular prenatal visits are essential.

When to Seek Urgent Medical Advice

While many symptoms are normal, some require immediate medical attention. Always contact your midwife, maternity unit, or emergency services if you experience:

• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Severe abdominal pain
• Severe headaches with vision changes
• Sudden swelling of face or hands
• Reduced baby movements
• Signs of preterm labour
• Chest pain or difficulty breathing

Trust your instincts, and if you feel uncertain, it’s always better to get checked.

Pregnancy can bring uncertainty, especially when unfamiliar symptoms or diagnoses arise. But information, support, and compassionate care can make a huge difference. By familiarising yourself with common pregnancy conditions and complications, you can feel more informed, confident, and empowered throughout your journey.

Visit our Pregnancy Knowledge Guide for further resources, detailed articles, and ongoing support designed to help you through every stage of pregnancy and beyond.